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  • Foot and Ankle Arthritis Foot and Ankle Arthritis

    Arthritis is the inflammation of joints as a result of degeneration of the smooth cartilage that lines the ends of bones in a joint.

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  • Midfoot Arthritis Midfoot Arthritis

    Midfoot arthritis is pain and inflammation of the midfoot. It occurs due to damage of cartilage or tissues around the joints. The damage may occur due to injury, aging or autoimmunity.

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  • Foot Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Rheumatoid Arthritis

    Arthritis is inflammation in the joint resulting from the degeneration of cartilage causing joint pain, swelling, and stiffness resulting in restricted movements.

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  • Ankle Rheumatoid Arthritis Ankle Rheumatoid Arthritis

    Arthritis is inflammation in a joint as a result of cartilage degeneration causing joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and restricted movement.

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  • Bunion Bunion

    A bunion is a bony protuberance that appears on the outer surface of the big toe when it angles toward the adjacent toe. It is an extra bone and a fluid-filled sac that grows at the base of the big toe.

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  • Stiff Big Toe (Hallux Rigidus) Stiff Big Toe (Hallux Rigidus)

    A stiff big toe, also called hallux rigidus, is a form of degenerative arthritis affecting the joint where the big toe (hallux) attaches to the foot. The toe typically becomes stiff at the base and is sometimes called a “frozen joint”.

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  • Hammertoe Hammertoe

    A hammertoe is a deformity of a lesser toe (second through fifth toes), where the toe is bent upward at the toe’s middle joint, resembling a hammer.

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  • Claw Toe Claw Toe

    Claw toe is a deformity where a toe bends and appears like a bird’s claw. The affected toe is bent upward from the joint at the ball of the foot, and downward at the joints in the middle and tip of the toe to curl under the foot.

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  • Bunionette (Tailor's Bunion) Bunionette (Tailor's Bunion)

    Bunionette, also called Tailor’s bunion, is a bony lump formed along the outside of the little toe at the base. It occurs when the very bottom bone (fifth metatarsal bone) of the little toe enlarges or shifts outward.

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  • Charcot Foot Deformity Charcot Foot Deformity

    Charcot foot deformity, also known as Charcot arthropathy, is a condition characterized by weakness and inflammation of the bones, joints, and tissues of the foot. If not treated appropriately, it can lead to joint collapse and loss of mobility.

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  • Cavus Foot Deformity Cavus Foot Deformity

    Cavus foot also referred to as a high arch, is a condition in which the arch on the bottom of the foot that runs from the toes to the heel is arched more than normal.

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  • Ganglion and Soft Tissue Tumors Ganglion and Soft Tissue Tumors

    A ganglion is a round, sac-like swelling or a fluid-filled lump under the skin near your foot and ankle joint.

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  • Burning Neuropathic Pain Burning Neuropathic Pain

    Burning neuropathic pain is a chronic condition characterized by a painful stinging and burning sensation as a result of injury or damage to a nerve or due to malfunctioning of the nervous system.

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  • Foot Problems Foot Problems

    The foot is a highly complex part of the human body that has an integral role in most activities of daily living. It consists of 26 bones connected with joints, ligaments, and tendons.

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  • Hallux Rigiditis Hallux Rigiditis

    Hallux Rigiditis is a form of degenerative arthritis at the metatarsophalangeal or MTP joint where the base of your big toe attaches to the foot.

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  • Lesser Toe Deformities Lesser Toe Deformities

    Lesser toe deformity is an abnormality in the anatomy of your toe that occurs as a result of imbalance between the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.

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  • Haglunds Deformity Haglunds Deformity

    Haglund’s deformity, also known as “pump bump”, is a condition in which bony extensions are formed at the back of the heel, leading to swelling near the Achilles tendon.

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  • Fungal Problems (Foot) Fungal Problems (Foot)

    Fungal infections are common in people with sweaty feet and are often found between the toes, as various fungal pathogens inhabit and breed in the unattended, moist regions of the feet.

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  • Shin Splints Shin Splints

    Shin splints or medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is pain around the tibia or shinbone due to inflammation of the tendons, muscles and bone tissue.

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  • Hallux Limitus Hallux Limitus

    Hallux limitus is a condition characterized by stiffness and decreased movement of the big toe. As the condition progresses, bone spurs and arthritis may develop in the toe joint (metatarsophalangeal joint), eventually leading to complete joint rigidity.

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  • Achilles Tendon Bursitis Achilles Tendon Bursitis

    The Achilles tendon is the large tendon that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone (calcaneus) and is used when you walk, run and jump.

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  • Forefoot Pain Forefoot Pain

    Forefoot pain, also referred to as metatarsalgia, is a type of pain that occurs in the ball of the foot (along the ends of the metatarsal bones). Generally, forefoot pain is associated with aging.

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  • Intoeing Intoeing

    Intoeing, also called “pigeon-toed”, is an abnormal condition characterized by the inward facing of the toe or foot instead of being straight.

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  • Plantar Fibromas Plantar Fibromas

    A plantar fibroma is a benign fibrous lump that may develop in the plantar fascia, the tissue under the foot that extends across the arch. It can develop in one or both feet.

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  • Foot Pain Foot Pain

    The foot is composed of bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. As your feet bear the weight of your entire body, they are more prone to injury and pain.

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  • Flatfoot Flatfoot

    Flatfoot, also known as “fallen arches” or Pes planus, is a deformity in children’s feet where the arch that runs along the sole of the foot collapses to the ground or is not formed at all.

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  • Foot Infections Foot Infections

    Foot infections may occur after trauma to the foot or loss of tissue because of contamination from foreign material and/or bacteria or fungus. Infections can occur in healthy individuals as well as in those whose health is compromised.

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  • Ankle Dislocation Ankle Dislocation

    Ankle dislocation is a condition that occurs when the bones of the lower leg called the fibula and tibia get separated from the talus or ankle bone.

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  • Sesamoiditis Sesamoiditis

    Sesamoids are two small, pea-shaped bones located in the ball beneath the big toe joint at the bottom of the foot. Sesamoid bones are connected to muscles and other bones by tendons that envelop these bones.

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  • Toenail Conditions Toenail Conditions

    Nails are an extension of the top layer of the skin and are composed of a nail plate (top layer) and nail bed (skin below the nail plate). The nail matrix is the region where your toenail begins to grow.

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  • Raynaud's Disease Raynaud's Disease

    Raynaud’s disease also known as Raynaud’s phenomenon or just Raynaud’s, occurs due to the overreaction of the peripheral blood vessels to cold or stress conditions resulting in narrowing of these vessels causing discoloration and numbness in the fingers or toes.

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  • Foot Drop Foot Drop

    Foot drop, also known as drop foot, is a sign of an underlying muscular, neurological or anatomical condition, where you are unable to lift the front part of your foot, which results in the dragging of the foot.

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  • Nerve Conditions of the Foot Nerve Conditions of the Foot

    The foot is composed of bones, ligaments, nerves, muscles, and tendons. Nerve conditions of the foot can range from minor nerve injuries to serious conditions like nerve entrapment and damage.

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  • Foot Spasms Foot Spasms

    Foot spasms, also known as foot cramps, occur due to the involuntary contraction of the foot muscles. These cramps are usually harmless and will get better on their own; however, sometimes they may need medical attention.

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  • Congenital Deformity and Clubfoot Congenital Deformity and Clubfoot

    Congenital deformities of the lower limbs are developmental disorders that are present at birth, causing alterations in the shape and appearance of the legs.

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  • Ischemic Foot Ischemic Foot

    Ischemic foot is a condition where there is inadequate blood supply to the foot due to vascular disease or an obstruction in the arteries. The lack of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues disrupt normal cell function, resulting in severe pain and skin ulcers or sores.

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  • Ingrown toenail Ingrown toenail

    An ingrown toenail is a common and painful condition of the toe. It occurs when the side or corner of the nail grows inwards and penetrates the skin of the toe. Pain is often accompanied by swelling and redness.

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  • Corns Corns

    A corn is a circular area of thickened skin developed because of continuous friction or pressure. They usually develop on the soles of feet or on the top or sides of toes and appear as yellowish dead tissue surrounding an area of tenderness.

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  • Heel Pain Heel Pain

    Heel pain is a common symptom of excessive strain placed on the structures that form the heel.

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  • Foot Lesions Foot Lesions

    A foot lesion is an abnormal change in an area of skin on the foot. It may be caused by infection, injury or abnormal growth of tissue. Foot lesions are commonly seen in diabetic patients due to nerve damage and poor circulation.

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  • Sever's Disease Sever's Disease

    Sever’s disease is a painful inflammation of the growth plate in the heel. Growth plates are areas at the end of children’s bones that undergo changes so bone growth can occur.

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  • Mallet Toe Mallet Toe

    Mallet toe is a deformity where the toe abnormally bends downward, resembling a hammer or mallet. The bones at the tip of the toe are connected by the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP).

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  • Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction

    The posterior tibial tendon passes through the ankle to attach the calf muscle with the bones of the midfoot. It provides stability to the arch and supports the foot while walking.

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  • Foot Inflammation Foot Inflammation

    Foot inflammation is the result of a person’s immune response towards various irritants or injuries to the foot. Based on the type of response, the inflammation can be classified as acute when it occurs suddenly, or chronic, occurring gradually as a result of a long-term disorder.

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  • Plantar Warts Plantar Warts

    Warts are harmless outgrowths on the skin caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. They grow on all body parts including face, fingers, feet, legs, hands, knees, inside your mouth, and on the genital and rectal areas.

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  • Charcot Osteoarthropathy Charcot Osteoarthropathy

    Charcot osteoarthropathy is a progressively destructive and degenerative joint disorder that most commonly affects the foot and ankle in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy.

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  • Management of Foot and Leg Wounds Management of Foot and Leg Wounds

    A wound is a break in the skin caused by an injury (cuts, scratches, and scrapes), surgery, or conditions such as diabetes. Management of foot and leg wounds refers to the care or treatment employed for the management of lower extremity wounds until they heal, addressing the immediate medical needs as well as precautions for the future.

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  • Metatarsalgia Metatarsalgia

    Metatarsalgia is a condition in which pain and inflammation are caused due to overuse or injury to the ball of the foot - the area between the toes and the arch. This condition mainly affects the joints at the base of the five-toe bones.

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  • Osteochondral Lesions of the Ankle Osteochondral Lesions of the Ankle

    The tibia and the fibula bones of the lower leg join with the talus bone to form the ankle joint. The talus bone is an important bone located between the tibia and fibula and the heel bone (calcaneus). OCL or OCD is the damage to the cartilage and the talus bone of the ankle joint. Usually, the inner or the medial portion of the ankle is affected.

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  • Overlapping or Underlapping Toe Overlapping or Underlapping Toe

    An overlapping or underlapping toe is an abnormal condition in which a toe overlaps or underlaps the toe next to it. Although this can happen with any toe, it usually affects the fifth and second toes. The toe may be flexible, allowing it to return to its normal position, or it may be rigid and fixed.

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  • Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

    The tarsal tunnel is a narrow passageway that lies on the inside of your ankle and runs into the foot. It encloses arteries, veins, tendons and nerves that supply the foot. The tunnel holds very limited space as it is formed between bones and overlying fibrous tissues. Within the tarsal tunnel lies and runs a nerve called ‘posterior tibial nerve’.

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  • Vertical Talus Vertical Talus

    Talus is a small bone in your ankle joint. It sits between the heel bone (calcaneus) and the confluence of two bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula). Talus connects the lower leg to the foot to form the ankle and helps transfer weight across the ankle joint.

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  • Trauma

    • Metatarsal and Phalangeal (Forefoot) Fractures Metatarsal and Phalangeal (Forefoot) Fractures

      The forefoot is the anterior or front portion of the foot that functions in weight-bearing and maintaining balance while standing, walking or running.

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    • Ankle Fractures Ankle Fractures

      Ankle injuries are very common in athletes and individuals performing physical work; often resulting in severe pain and impaired mobility. Pain after ankle injuries can either be from a torn ligament (ankle sprain) or broken bone (ankle fracture).

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    • Lisfranc (Midfoot) Fracture Lisfranc (Midfoot) Fracture

      The Lisfranc joint or tarsometatarsal joint refers to the region in the middle of the foot. It is a junction between the tarsal bones (bones in the foot arch) and metatarsal bones (five long bones in the foot).

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    • Talus Fractures Talus Fractures

      The talus is a small bone at the ankle joint that connects the heel bone and the shinbones, enabling up and down movement of the foot.

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    • Foot Fracture Foot Fracture

      Trauma and repeated stress can cause fractures in the foot. Extreme force is required to fracture the bones in the hindfoot. The most common type of foot fracture is a stress fracture that occurs when repeated activities produce small cracks in the bones.

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    • Calcaneal Fracture Calcaneal Fracture

      A fracture is a medical condition in which a bone is cracked or broken. A calcaneal fracture is a break in the calcaneus or heel bone. It is a painful and disabling injury that most commonly occurs as a result of a high-energy event such as a motor vehicle accident or a fall from a height.

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    • Sesamoid Fracture Sesamoid Fracture

      A sesamoid fracture is a break in the sesamoid bone. Sesamoids are two small, pea-shaped bones located in the ball beneath the big toe joint at the bottom of the foot.

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    • Stress Fractures of Foot and Ankle Stress Fractures of Foot and Ankle

      A stress fracture is described as a small crack in the bone which occurs from an overuse injury of a bone. It commonly develops in the weight-bearing bones of the lower leg and foot.

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    • Fifth Metatarsal Fractures Fifth Metatarsal Fractures

      The metatarsal bones are the long bones in your feet. There are five metatarsal bones in each foot. The fifth metatarsal is the long bone that is located on the outside of the foot and connects to the small toe.

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    • Jones Fractures Jones Fractures

      Coming Soon

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    Sports

    • Plantar Fasciitis Plantar Fasciitis

      Plantar fasciitis refers to the inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that is present at the bottom of the foot.

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    • Ankle Sprain Ankle Sprain

      A sprain is the stretching or tearing of ligaments. Ligaments connect adjacent bones and provide stability to a joint.

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    • Ankle Instability Ankle Instability

      The joints of the ankle are held in place and stabilized by strong bands of tissue called ligaments. Ankle instability is a chronic condition characterized by a recurrent slipping of the outer side of the ankle.

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    • Lisfranc (Midfoot) Injury Lisfranc (Midfoot) Injury

      The tarsometatarsal joint or Lisfranc joint is the region in the middle of the foot formed by the articulation of the tarsal bones (a cluster of seven bones) and metatarsal bones (a group of five long bones).

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    • Osteochondral Injuries of the Ankle Osteochondral Injuries of the Ankle

      The ankle joint is formed by the articulation of the end of the tibia and fibula (shinbones) with the talus (heel bone).

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    • Achilles Tendinitis Treatment Achilles Tendinitis Treatment

      Achilles tendinitis is the inflammation and irritation to the Achilles tendon, a strong fibrous cord present behind the ankle that connects your calf muscles to the heel bone.

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    • Achilles Tendon Rupture Achilles Tendon Rupture

      The Achilles tendon is a strong fibrous cord present behind the ankle that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. It is used when you walk, run and jump.

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    • Ankle Ligament Injury Ankle Ligament Injury

      An ankle ligament injury, also known as an ankle sprain, can be caused by a sudden twisting movement of the foot during any athletic event or during daily activities.

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    • Turf Toe Turf Toe

      Turf toe is an injury to the ligament at the base of the big toe. It is a painful condition that usually results from jamming the toe into the ground or excessive backward bending of the toe.

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    • Foot and Ankle Trauma Foot and Ankle Trauma

      Foot and ankle trauma refers to injuries that most commonly occur during sports, exercise or any other physical activity. Trauma may be a result of accidents, poor training practices or use of improper gear.

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    • Ankle Dislocation Ankle Dislocation

      Ankle dislocation is a condition that occurs when the bones of the lower leg called the fibula and tibia get separated from the talus or ankle bone. This can cause serious damage to the nerves and ligaments surrounding the ankle, leading to a decline in strength and overall health of the leg.

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    Diabetic Foot

    • Diabetic Foot Conditions Diabetic Foot Conditions

      Diabetes is a chronic condition that is characterized by high blood glucose (sugar) levels. Diabetic patients are at high risk for developing chronic wounds, especially in the feet.

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  • The Arthroscopy Association of North America
  • The American Osteopathic Academy of Orthopedics (AOAO)
  • The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
  • American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society®
    Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Foundation
  • American Academy of Osteopathy
  • American Osteopathic Association